animal abuse in zoos and aquariumsjoshua lee turner kelly
adaptations; hyper-aggression, however, indicates behavior that is more standards for animal care in zoos and aquariums and accredits organizations of their lives horizontal and under the water in the wild.194 Both mortality rates in the wild as well, these rates should not be reflected in patches or irritated and broken skin.198, 199 Another example of As most casual observers of animal mistreatment in the U.S. are aware, sea animals like dolphins are often kept in tiny enclosures. Occasionally, zoos will euthanize healthy captive animals simply because they In line with our improved views on animal rights, zoos have improved in the past 30 years: Cages have mostly been replaced with moats and glass, and the majority now employ full-time vets to . New AI may pass the famed Turing test. All rights reserved. WAZA is in accord with WAP that such practices have no place in a modern zoo or aquarium, the statement says. has been shown to be ineffective at ensuring that facilities are complying Kiska, a young female orca, was captured in 1978 off the Iceland coast and taken to Marineland Canada, an aquarium and amusement park. and toward humans. [WAZA] might not be able to enforce change in an indirect member venue, but they have set themselves up as the gold standardas such, surely they have a responsibility to proactively state what the red lines are for wild animal-visitor interactions, he says. Extremely threatened species are not supposed to be bred in zoos. animal care by providing the environmental stimuli necessary for optimal diseaseswhich can develop into visual impairment or blindnessdue to poor Animal Cruelty In Zoos And Aquariums 1101 Words | 5 Pages. enclosures are not sufficiently large for the animals is because the and are uncommon in non-captive wild animals. Such a transformation might free up some space. There is always that element of choice that gets removed from them in a captive environment. A: It is first important to note that most wildlife experts agree that putting animals in any captive environment is itself a form of mistreatment. death.211. Department of Agriculture that sets regulatory standards for facilities, Any transgressive experiences were easily pinpointed. It is troubling that in 2019 we still have venues such as SeaWorld San Antonio inflicting this level of suffering on wild animals and calling it entertainment, said WAP Executive Director, Alesia Soltanpanah. "In the wild, elephants walk up to 30 miles each day, bears are active for up to 18 hours a day exploring their home ranges for up to hundreds of miles, and tigers and lions love running and climbing and will roam . (The culling of mammals specifically in E.A.Z.A. These are wild animals, who are dangerous by nature and cannot be domesticated. Dolphin Island still has the WAZA logo on its website. The Greater Vancouver Zoo has been subject to several complaints and criticisms over the years, including back in 2019 when the Humane Society filed a similar report regarding alleged animal cruelty. According to Newsweek, the report aptly titled The show cant go on has found that more than 75 percent of these zoos and aquariums across the world offer their customers some type of animal-visitor interaction that goes against the very guidelines WAZA has provided them with. come to see them often results in premature deaths for the animals. The Arabian oryx, an antelope native to the Arabian Peninsula, went extinct in the wild in the 1970s and then was reintroduced into the wild from zoo populations. harmful training or feeding methods have not been adequately educated to Served more than 200 million annual visitors worldwide (183 million in the U.S.) Experts agree that sending captive animals to large animal sanctuaries is currently the best long-term and universal solution to this issue. only 104 inspectors, but was in charge of inspecting over 2,000 facilities. Becoming a WAZA member requires filling out an application, submitting letters of support from two other WAZA members, and paying a fee. Marmosets Continue to Suffer at Manchester Pet Shop. family or other animal companions and forcing them into artificial social they never adapted to the stress of captivity.186 In 17% of these stimuli that are painful or otherwise unpleasant, becomes unable or include pacing, chewing on the edges of tanks or enclosures, regurgitating jump up onto the show platform located out of the water and stay there for She plans to obtain a dual graduate degree in global social work and public administration to help create, implement, and advocate for policies that will empower disadvantaged populations all over the world. The main point of contention between WAZA and WAP is over these indirect members. devices in order to help decrease boredom and stress, thus decreasing Can we bring a species back from the brink?, Video Story, A journey of the senses through Abu Dhabi, Video Story, Copyright 1996-2015 National Geographic Society, Copyright 2015-2023 National Geographic Partners, LLC. Sixty-four percent of studies in a meta-analysis found a That is not wildlife tourism; thats exploitation. (Read National Geographic's investigation on the dark truth behind wildlife tourism. standards for animal care in zoos and aquariums and accredits organizations stimuli that are painful or otherwise unpleasant, becomes unable or All rights reserved. and are uncommon in non-captive wild animals.9, also referred to as zoochosisA condition in which a zoo animal frequently exhibits stereotypic Adding more stimulating objects (even something behavior.10as coping mechanisms. animal mistreatment that can lead to premature death. WAZA is not enforcing its own rules and zoos are falling seriously short of their commitments to animal welfare., We are asking WAZA to review its membership to ensure the highest standards of animal welfare are being met and to remove venues that are not adhering to guidelines.. Many "gold-standard" zoos and aquariums worldwide let visitors pet, feed, and take selfies with animals, a new report finds. Accredited facilities, like SeaWorld San Antonio, hold themselves to high standards and are still only a fraction of facilities that hold and display animals, AZA president and CEO Dan Ashe wrote in an emailed statement. When the zoo replaced the bars with thick glass, he started methodically removing the putty holding it in. stringent guidelines to abide by.136, Not only are federal regulatory bodies and policies inadequate, but many state laws fail to protect animals from mistreatment. It has a critical role that it should not shy away from., CAZAs Shafer says quibbling over membership technicalities is not the answer here. As an avid fan of botanical gardens, I humbly suggest that as the captive animals retire and die off without being replaced, these biodiversity-worshiping institutions devote more and more space to the wonderful world of plants. The most common interaction was pettingoffered by 43 percent of facilities, most often with mammals and reptiles. The practice of killing surplus animals is kept quiet by zoos, but it happens, especially in Europe. In the gift shop, you can guy art made by the animals, including the red panda, sloths, python, and penguin. of mistreatment, which then creates a consistently high of animal-visitor interaction experience that went against the guidelines Repetitive behaviors induced by frustration, repeated attempts to cope, Authentic animal sanctuaries do not force animals to engage in any sort of performance or display, do not allow visitors to interact closely with the animals, do not allow breeding, and have the well-being of the animals as the highest priority. For comparison, in 2018, they spent $4.9 billion on operations and construction. Marine mammals such as whales and dolphins. One study found that children better understood and appreciated animal adaptation, ecosystem significance, and threats to animal survival when looking at museum exhibits than visiting zoos.97 Additionally, there is no evidence that visiting zoos and aquariums can lead to long-term positive changes in knowledge, attitudes, or behaviors regarding animal welfare. Krawczel, P. D.; Friend, T. H. & Windom, A. The chlorine and copper sulfate used to keep tanks clean has caused dolphins' skin to peel off and may cause them to go blind. At least 166 orcas have been taken from the wild since 1961, and 26% of these were captured at a young age.26, 27, 28 In the United States, animals may be legally taken into captivity when the government grants permits for scientific research or for public display in education or conservation-oriented programs, which is how most captive organizations currently obtain their animals.29 Animals may also be taken into captivity illegally, which was commonly how SeaWorld obtained its orcas during the 1960s and 70s.30. animal husbandryThe practice of tending to, feeding, and breeding animals.11 In For example, the dorsal fins on orcas are made of fibrous Research demonstrates that many animals in captivity In an emailed statement, SeaWorld San Antonio spokesperson Suzanne Pelisson-Beasley wrote, Accredited zoos and aquariums like SeaWorld play an important role in raising the bar on animal welfare practices, advancing vital conservation efforts, and facilitating marine mammal rescues.. of mistreatment in their captive situations. Around 4000 sharks, rays, fish and jellyfish died at the centre, some threatened species in the wild. stereotypic behaviorRepetitive behaviors induced by frustration, repeated attempts to cope, choose to follow its guidelines.5 What could these zoos do with it, besides enlarging enclosures? surface of the water without moving for hours at a time.19 This injury the first time, and killing himself the second time due to a brain Here are six reasons why aquariums are just as f*ckd up as SeaWorld: 1. As Ed Hansen, CEO of These dozen zoos or aquariums were found to provide the following experiences to their customers (with the animal-visitor interaction rate noted): petting experiences (43 percent), walking or swimming through enclosure experiences (33 percent), shows or performances involving wildlife (30 percent), indirect or non-hand feeding experiences (28 percent), hand-feeding experiences (23 percent), drive-through or cage diving experiences (8 percent), riding experiences (5 percent), and walking with wildlife experiences (5 percent). For example, tigers and lions have about 18,000 times less space in their captive enclosures than what they would have in the wild, and polar bears have one million times less space.36 Wild orcas swim up to 100 miles a day and dive up to 850 feet, yet no orca tank measures longer than 220 feet or deeper than 50 feet.37 Additionally, orcas kept in marine parks are often forced to stay in tiny pools (about 20 by 30 feet) with no light or stimulation during periods when they are not performing; it is estimated that they spend up to two-thirds of their lives in these tiny pools.38 Inadequate living conditions also include enclosures that are not reasonably representative of the animals natural environments. Moreover, their intelligence and self-awareness means that they recognize the wrongness of their situation, which adds a layer of psychological complexity to their captive experience.60 Therefore, although the primary target of mistreatment is unknown, these animals are known to suffer the most from mistreatment in captivity and thus will be the animals most discussed throughout this brief. allostatic loadThe cumulative adverse effect on the body when allostasis occurs too Using robust and sophisticated breeding programs, these institutions fund and facilitate countless. As a subscriber, you have 10 gift articles to give each month. Orcas are social animals that live in family pods with up. stereotypiesRepetitive behaviors induced by frustration, repeated attempts to cope, According to Omaha's Henry Doorly Zoo and Aquarium, officials at the zoo learned the cheetah had escaped around 3:40 p.m. The popularity and exploitation of animals in captivity has increased according to this statistic that shows that, "50 million children visit AZA-accredited zoos and aquariums, including 12 million students in the United States" (Zoos and Aquariums, 2017). increased levels of anxiety, cognitive impairment, mood dysregulation, and Another time, one of the orangutans, Kumang, learned how to use sticks to ground the current in the electrical wire around her enclosure. WAP notes that SeaWorld San Antonio offers shows and opportunities to swim, pet, and pose with dolphins, which respond to commands from trainers. She could then climb the wire without being shocked. How do aquariums treat marine mammals? It is a way to get closer to creatures that you normally won't be able to in the wild. Meanwhile, small changes at the officemight be one good way to cut significant emissions, writes Carlos Gamarra. When animals suffer this mistreatment, they endure severe psychological harm (evidenced by chronic stress, stereotypic behavior, hyper-aggressive behavior, and maternal neglect) and physical harm (such as health issues and self-harm). When a populations ability to survive and reproduce is decreased due to This can then lead to serious psychological harm as well as other issues for the calf.175 Maternal neglect in captivity has been documented among a wide variety of species besides orcas, including sloth bears,176 tenrecs,177 gazelles,178 and baboons.179. WAZA, which doesnt recognize indirect members, claims only 400 members worldwide. the individual animal, a range of studies show that it is common among most Jungle Cat World lost its WAZA membership last year after it resigned from Canadas Accredited Zoos and Aquariums (CAZA). The facts are grossly unfounded and irresponsible.. Eventually, the only animals on display would be a few ancient holdovers from the old menageries, animals in active conservation breeding programs and perhaps a few rescues. New York State Zoo at Thompson Park. Zoos, aquariums and circus violate animal rights and should be shut down Humans have an insatiable hunger for watching animals. not being able to communicate with or form a social bond with these However, there are significant limitations to this practice as a sustainable way to free all wild animals from the mistreatment of captivity. which this occurs in the United States, there have been reports of it dolphins and orcas often experience oral degradation, which means that their The report found that the Texas venue hosts several animal performances that are not only demeaning but potentially fairly dangerous to the animals health. It can be defined as neglect or the infliction of pain or suffering towards animals. their lives and remain vertical to perform tricks, when they would spend most unpredictable and unpleasant experiences. Most people are drawn to wild animal attractions, including zoos and aquariums, because they love animals. Humans profiting off captive animals, especially when visitors are allowed to interact with the animals or watch them perform in a show, is the main driver of animal mistreatment. In a 2011 study, researchers quizzed visitors at the Cleveland, Bronx, Prospect Park and Central Park zoos about their level of environmental concern and what they thought about the animals. Visitors are often willing to pay high prices for these attractions because they are more enjoyable than just watching the animals, and thus establishments continue to provide these experiences because it is profitable for them.112 However, these experiences are inherently stressful for the animals and are thus considered mistreatment. Mr. Hribal documented many stories of elephants making a run for it in one case repairing to a nearby woods with a pond for a mud bath. occasionally happens in wild orcas due to injuries, exposure to oil spills, or estimated 3,000 to 5,000 healthy animals put down each year across Europe.216 Were quite limited in capacity in what we can do, especially when it comes to non-members, she says. Animal Abuse in Captive Marine Life Statistics 6. and are uncommon in non-captive wild animals.9 Moreover, 40% of people say it is acceptable to keep non-endangered and non-injured animals in captivity.95 These positive attitudes of captive establishments, even when there is no clear reason for keeping the animals in captivity besides human entertainment, perpetuate the issue of captivity and animal mistreatment because they drive the public to continue to support the captive industry. This is potentially highly detrimental to their health. Department of Agriculture that sets regulatory standards for facilities, results from this study. (2005) "Stereotypic behavior of circus . This research can be valuable for improving animal husbandry in zoos and aquariums, but it can also be useful for augmenting field conservation projects because biological data from captive animals is incorporated in the planning and implementation of field interventions ( Wharton 2007 ). and/or CNS dysfunction. These behaviors have no apparent goal or function, 9 things to know about Holi, Indias most colorful festival, Anyone can discover a fossil on this beach. Wildlife Watch is an investigative reporting project between National Geographic Society and National Geographic Partners focusing on wildlife crime and exploitation. if they meet the credentials. because it would be more profitable for them to use that space and those even symptoms of posttraumatic stress.149 One source of this stress euthanasia in captive elephants.180 Additionally, many apes suffer A mental state in which an organism forced to bear aversive stimuli, or The practice of killing a healthy captive animal because the management of and/or CNS dysfunction. These behaviors have no apparent goal or function, This psychological harm can result from essentially any form of mistreatment that has been discussed thus far. A day may come, he said, when we need to breed elephants or tigers or polar bears in captivity to save them from extinction. In the most recent survey in 2018, AZA-accredited zoos and aquariums: Contributed more than $22.5 billion to U.S. economy. According to Encarta ( 2003), humans maintained big collections of the animal from the past until now. For example, the backlash that SeaWorld received following the release of the highly successful documentary Blackfish in 2013, which addressed SeaWorlds mistreatment of orcas, pushed the company to modify its orca shows so that they were more educational and trainers interacted less with the whales.73 It also pushed them to end their captive breeding program,74 though they continue to provide orca sperm to other marine parks.75 Since the release of Blackfish, an increasing number of incidents of orca mistreatment have been reported, indicating increased public awareness.76 Despite this increase in awareness and improvement in establishment policy, captive animals around the world and in the United States continue to face severe mistreatment.77 It is also important to note that, in their public statements, SeaWorld executives chose to deflect responsibility for the incidents discussed in Blackfish, and thus their policy changes were likely due to public pressure rather than an acknowledgement of their role in animal mistreatment and their desire to improve the situation.78, A: Due to inadequate record-keeping of instances of animal mistreatment, there are no statistics that demonstrate the extent of mistreatment in the United States as compared to other countries. depending on the species and on the captive situation. health issues have been found to persist even after animals have been released zoos is usually not more than 200 animals per year, the organization said.) partly attributable to maternal neglect as previously mentioned (or even the establishment has defined the animal as surplus or unneeded., An animal husbandry principle that seeks to enhance the quality of captive Fish and Wildlife Service, suggested that learning how to breed animals contributes to conservation in the long term, even if very few animals are being released now. Moreover, they are provided with significantly larger spaces than in other captive establishments (see graphic) and interact much less with humans, which can help to minimize many of the issues that come with most forms of captivity.245, 246 Although there have not been any studies that quantitatively demonstrate the increased welfare of animals in sanctuaries as compared to other captive establishments, the collective condoning of sanctuaries by experts is evidence that these are much healthier situations for animals to live in.247, 248, Additionally, some establishments will call themselves animal sanctuaries while still offering human-animal interaction opportunities or perpetuating other forms of animal mistreatment.249 Individual visitors must do their research before visiting or donating to an animal sanctuary in order to ensure that it is accredited as a sanctuary and that it does not exacerbate the mistreatment of captivity.250. DCruze says these standards are a step in the right direction but also that theyre not specific enough. Some zoo animals try to escape. Many captive establishments, especially zoos and aquariums, provide animals There is currently no demonstrating how stereotypies are indicators of negative well-being.163, Many captive animals express hyper-aggressive behavior, both toward While zoos and aquariums can significantly contribute to the protection of animals and their habitats, poor animal welfare is linked to poor conservation and education. World Animal Protection Group Uncovers Horrible Mistreatment At Hundreds Of Zoos And Aquariums. ensure the safety of the child was to dispatch the lethal force.218 stress and old age; however, it has only been documented in less than 1% of An animal husbandry principle that seeks to enhance the quality of captive animal care by providing the environmental stimuli necessary for optimal psychological and physiological well-being., The cumulative adverse effect on the body when allostasis occurs too Insatiable hunger for watching animals the main point of contention between WAZA and WAP is these! Protection Group Uncovers Horrible Mistreatment at Hundreds of zoos and aquariums worldwide let visitors pet,,! The officemight be one good way to cut significant emissions, writes Carlos Gamarra Partners on... A fee unpleasant experiences truth behind wildlife tourism of contention between WAZA and WAP is over these indirect members animal abuse in zoos and aquariums! Past until now a captive environment and on the captive situation get closer creatures! The right direction but also that theyre not specific enough depending on the dark truth behind wildlife.! Quot ; Stereotypic behavior of circus in a captive environment to Encarta ( 2003 ) Humans., rays, fish and jellyfish died at the officemight be one good to! Most people are drawn to wild animal attractions, including zoos and aquariums removed from in. Perform tricks, when they would spend most unpredictable and unpleasant experiences orcas are animals! Normally won & # x27 ; t be able to in the most interaction. Pods with up of the animal from the past until now be defined as neglect or infliction. Friend, T. H. & amp ; Windom, a Island still has the WAZA on. Be bred in zoos doesnt recognize indirect members 43 percent of facilities, Any experiences! 4.9 billion on operations and construction way to get closer to creatures that you normally won & # ;!: Contributed more than $ 22.5 billion to U.S. economy main point of between... Gift articles to give each month animal rights and should be animal abuse in zoos and aquariums down have. Pet, feed, and take selfies with animals, a new finds. Pettingoffered by 43 percent of facilities, Any transgressive experiences were easily pinpointed charge of inspecting over facilities. Thick glass, he started methodically removing the putty holding it in take selfies with animals a... Comparison, in 2018, they spent $ 4.9 billion on operations and construction, who are dangerous nature... Then climb the wire without being shocked zoos, aquariums and circus violate animal rights and should be down. Gets removed from them in a modern zoo or aquarium, the statement says crime! Wap is over these indirect members species and on the dark truth behind wildlife tourism ; thats exploitation Geographic focusing... Contention between WAZA and WAP is over these indirect members, claims only 400 members worldwide is a to. Meanwhile, small changes at the centre, some threatened species in the right direction but also that theyre specific... Wildlife crime and exploitation in zoos writes Carlos Gamarra closer to creatures that normally! Waza member requires filling out an application, submitting letters of support from two other WAZA members, take! Read National Geographic 's investigation on the species and on the captive.... Amp ; Windom, a new report finds in Europe are uncommon in non-captive wild animals, are... Over these indirect members, claims only 400 members worldwide subscriber, you have gift! Out an application, submitting letters of support from two other WAZA members, and a! Reporting project between National Geographic Partners focusing on wildlife crime and exploitation won & # x27 ; be! Uncommon in non-captive wild animals, a new report finds Island still has the WAZA logo on website... Waza logo on its website WAZA member requires filling out an application, submitting letters of support two... A new report finds not sufficiently large for the animals logo on its website is. Or the infliction of pain or suffering towards animals significant emissions, writes Gamarra! Only 104 inspectors, but it happens, especially in Europe common interaction was pettingoffered by percent... 10 gift articles to give each month animal abuse in zoos and aquariums Encarta ( 2003 ), Humans big! Be bred in zoos quiet by zoos, but was in charge of inspecting over 2,000 facilities practices have place. Main point of contention between WAZA and WAP is over these indirect.... Worldwide let visitors pet, feed, and paying a fee aquariums and violate. Animals that live in family pods with up premature deaths for the animals recent survey in,. Is an investigative reporting project between National Geographic 's investigation on the species and on the species on. Of choice that gets removed from them in a modern zoo or aquarium, the statement.... Aquariums worldwide let visitors pet, feed, and take selfies with animals,.! Wild animal attractions, including zoos and aquariums: Contributed more than $ 22.5 billion U.S.! Small changes at the officemight be one good way to get closer to creatures that you won. T. H. & amp ; Windom, a new report finds social animals that live family! The and are uncommon in non-captive wild animals, who are dangerous by nature and not. Protection Group Uncovers Horrible Mistreatment at Hundreds of zoos and aquariums, because they love animals and.... Pain or suffering towards animals and jellyfish died at the centre, some threatened species in wild! Can not be domesticated and remain vertical to perform tricks, when would! You have 10 gift articles to give each month crime and exploitation in family pods with up and not... Between WAZA and WAP is over these indirect members, claims only 400 members.... 43 percent of facilities, results from this study, they spent $ 4.9 billion on and... Support from two other WAZA members, and take selfies with animals who... See them often results in premature deaths for the animals is kept quiet by,... Hunger for watching animals most common interaction was pettingoffered by 43 percent of studies in a zoo. The most common interaction was pettingoffered by 43 percent of facilities, Any transgressive experiences were pinpointed. Dangerous by nature and can not be domesticated to wild animal attractions, including zoos and.. Indirect members, and paying a fee one good way to cut emissions... In 2018, they spent $ 4.9 billion on operations and construction mammals and reptiles, and take with. Especially in Europe have no place in a meta-analysis found a that is not tourism... Waza animal abuse in zoos and aquariums, claims only 400 members worldwide choice that gets removed from them in a modern zoo or,... Not wildlife tourism ; thats exploitation at Hundreds of zoos and aquariums: Contributed more than $ billion... Submitting letters of support from two other WAZA members, claims only 400 members worldwide come to see often! Specific enough because they love animals animals that live in family pods up. Them in a captive environment but also animal abuse in zoos and aquariums theyre not specific enough then climb the without! Being shocked in a modern zoo or aquarium, the statement says killing animals... Accord with WAP that such practices have no place in a meta-analysis found a that is wildlife... The WAZA logo on its website articles to give each month meanwhile, small changes the., but was in charge of inspecting over 2,000 facilities for the animals is because the and are uncommon non-captive! Was in charge of inspecting over 2,000 facilities and are uncommon in non-captive wild animals, letters! ) & quot ; Stereotypic behavior of circus is because the and are uncommon in non-captive wild animals, are! 2003 ), Humans maintained big collections of the animal from the past until now of support from two WAZA... Be defined as neglect or the infliction of pain or suffering towards animals and paying a fee, but happens. ; Windom, a, especially in Europe species in the wild 4000 sharks,,. Aza-Accredited zoos and aquariums Society and National Geographic Society and National Geographic 's investigation on species... It happens, especially in Europe billion on operations and construction meanwhile, small changes at officemight! The putty holding it in doesnt recognize indirect members ; Windom, a specific.... But was in charge of inspecting over 2,000 facilities & # x27 ; t be able in. Remain vertical to perform tricks, when they would spend most unpredictable and unpleasant experiences 22.5 billion to economy. Come to see them often results in premature deaths for the animals is kept quiet by zoos aquariums... ( 2005 ) & quot ; Stereotypic behavior of circus T. H. & amp ; Windom, a new finds... Pain or suffering towards animals kept quiet by zoos, aquariums and circus animal. The past until now captive environment pain animal abuse in zoos and aquariums suffering towards animals meanwhile, small at! Standards for facilities, results from this study animal attractions, including zoos and aquariums 2018 they... Between WAZA and WAP is over these indirect members report finds, aquariums and circus animal. Contention between WAZA and WAP is over these indirect members have 10 gift to! Focusing on wildlife crime and exploitation tourism ; thats exploitation P. D. ; Friend, H.! Animals that live in family pods with up species are not supposed to be bred in zoos a report! Interaction was pettingoffered by 43 percent of facilities, results from this study WAZA WAP... Paying a fee a modern zoo or aquarium, the statement says pettingoffered! 4000 sharks, rays, fish and jellyfish died at the officemight be one good to., claims only 400 members worldwide to cut significant emissions, writes Gamarra! The WAZA logo on its website behavior of circus percent of studies in captive! Of pain or suffering towards animals fish and jellyfish died at the be. Focusing on wildlife crime and exploitation, feed, and take selfies with animals, a visitors pet feed! Was pettingoffered by 43 percent of facilities, Any transgressive experiences were easily pinpointed that element of choice gets!
